Axial and appendicular skeleton

AXIAL SKELETON

Skull

The skull consists of cranial bones and facial skeleton.

It is mainly  protects the brain and sensory organs. Due to the presence of sinuses, it participates in voice modulation and air heating.

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Cranial bones: Facial bones: • sphenoid • nasal • frontal • lacrimal • parietal • maxilla • temporal • mandible • occipital • zygomatic

• ethmoid

Spine

It supports the body and protects the spinal cord and spine nerves. It consists of 33-34 vertebrae. There are cartilages between the vertebrae which give resistance to shock and flexibility.

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the cervical spine - consists of 7 vertebrae. It is the support for the skull

the thoracic spine - consists of 12 vertebrae. It is part of the chest.

the lumbar spine - consists of 5 vertebrae. It bears the weight of the upper body.

the sacrum - consists of 5 fused vertebrae that form the sacrum. This bone is one of the bones that make up the pelvis.

the coccyx - consists of 4 vertebae (sometimes 5)

Rib cage

It consists of the thoracic spine, the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. It protects the heart and lungs, is a place of attachment for many muscles, and allows you to inhale and exhale.

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There are 3 types of ribs:

true ribs - directly connected to the sternum

false ribs - connected to the sternum by cartilage

floating ribs - not connected to the sternum

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Upper limb

It is made up of the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. It also includes clavicle and scapula (shoulder girdle).

The bones of the upper limb, along with the joints and muscles, allow for precise movements.

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Lower limb

It is made up of the femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. It also includes the two pelvic bones (pelvic girdle).

The bones of lower limb maintain the weight of the body.

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